What is the role of RNA transcription?
RNA plays multiple critical roles in cells, primarily including the following aspects:
1. Transfer of Genetic Information
RNA acts as a bridge in gene expression. Genetic information in DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then transfers this information to ribosomes where it is translated into proteins.
2. Protein Synthesis
During protein synthesis, transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play crucial roles. tRNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome and adding them to the growing polypeptide chain; rRNA is a major component of the ribosome, helping to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds and ensuring accurate decoding of mRNA.
3. Gene Regulation
The RNA transcription process also involves gene regulation, with non-coding RNAs (including tRNA, rRNA, and small RNAs like miRNA and siRNA) playing significant roles in regulating gene expression. For instance, miRNA and siRNA can, through the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, degrade mRNA or inhibit its translation, thereby regulating gene expression.
4. Gene Editing
Some RNA molecules (such as guide RNA required by the Cas9 protein for gene editing) play roles in gene editing. These RNAs guide Cas9 to specific locations on the target gene, where Cas9 cuts the DNA, allowing scientists to add, delete, or alter specific DNA sequences of the gene.
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